Easy2Siksha.com
   2024
 5 
 
|   ( 1500-1956 .)|
 3  100
:      ,             
            
-
1.      ?          
2.           
-
3.         
4.             
-
5.          
6.             
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-
7. 1929            
8.            
   2024
 5 
 
|   ( 1500-1956 .)|
 3  100
:      ,             
            
-
1.      ?          
:󼨐󼨑󼨒
                   
,       ,      ,  
               , 
      ""     ,    ""
        ,       -    
    -            
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󹲽󹳉󹳊󹳋󹳌󹳍󹳎󹳔󹳕󹳏󹳐󹳑󹳒󹳖󹳓󹳗 
:  14      17   
    ,  ,      ,  
    
 ?
o        
o             
o                
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂   
 ,      1300          
    ,          
     
             ,     ,
           , ,  
         : "       ?  
   ,      ?       ?"
               
  ,              
   
󺂟󺂠󺂧󺂡󺂢󺂣󺂤󺂥󺂦󺂨   
1.    :
o               
      
o            ,   ,
      
o              ,  ,
       
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2.     :
o        ,     
    
o            (   
 ,     )
o  :     " "     ""

3.   :
o                 
   
o  :             
   -     
4.    :
o 1440  ,         
o        ,       
o          
o  :    50    20    
  
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󷆫󷆪   
              :
1.     󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳
           
       -   
    
 , ,    (    )    
 
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2.        󷆰
-             
   
       
           ,    
,        
3.       󹺬󹺭󹺮󹺯󹺰󹺱
        
          
:          ,    
    
      
4.   󽄸󽄷
           
       ,       
     
           
5.        󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷
,         
     -   ,       
 
           
6.    󺒷󺒸󺒹󺒺󺒻󺓇󺓈󺒼󺒽󺒾󺒿󺓀󺓁󺓉󺓂󺓃󺓄󺓊󺓅󺓆
        
      -         
:     , ,    
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7.     (  ) 󷃆󺨺󺨹
        
               
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫 
-    50            10
    
        ,     
     
󽄡󽄢󽄣󽄤󽄥󽄦  
    ,             
     ,          
                 
  ,             
      
2.           
: 󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹  1:    
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴
    1769             
              ,   ,  
  ,               
                
󼿁󼿂󼿃󼿄󼿈󼿉󼿅󼿊󼿆󼿇  
    1789         -    ,  ( )
   ,       
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     :
   
    
 ,            
               
  
󷕛󷕜󷕝󷕡󷕞󷕟󷕠  
   1793             
     
      
    1796  ,          
 , :
     
     
        
    " "  
󺃺󺃻󺃼󺃽󺃾󺃿   
1799 ,   (    )        
               
      1799   (   ) 
        -       
1804 ,         !  ,       
    !
󷨕󷨓󷨔
       :
          
   (  )      
Easy2Siksha.com
         
 ,         
󹳦󹳤󹳧 
         - -    
󺃫󺃬󺃭󺃮󺃯󺃰󺃱   
                
 ,              
   ,         :
     
   
          (     )
󽅂  
               

 :                , 
       ,       ,
  ()    
      ,          

󽅀 
    
  6,00,000            
       ,          

       :
  
      
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    
600,000     100,000   ! 󺆾󺆽󺆿󺆅
    
󺪸󺪹   
1814     - , , ,  -       

                
󷃆󹸃󹸄 
  ,  1815           
   100         
  ,             
            1821  
    
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷      


    

      
    
       
   

  ,   ,
 
        
     

  ,  
,    
          
      

,  ,  ,
 
        
 
Easy2Siksha.com
-
3.         
:󷆫󷆪
      :         - 
  -  -     ,     
 19         
               -    
,   -      ,        -
             ,   ,    ,
       
       
          

󼨻󼨼
               - 
 :
  ()
    ( )
  (  )
   (  )
, ,     
           ,    -  
,  ,             
   
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨  
1.             ,   
   
2.     :          
     
Easy2Siksha.com
3.  
 :               

󷶼󷶽󷶾󷷀󷶿  
1.    -    
 "   "   
1831        
     ( )   
      ,        
2.    -  
-    (1852)
 "   "   
      
         
         
3.    -  
 "  "  
         
1860 ,    (  )       
   
 ,           (  )
󼨻󼨼


1859
             
1860
        
1861
              
1866
          
Easy2Siksha.com
1870
-            
󷓠󷓡󷓢󷓣󷓤󷓥󷓨󷓩󷓪󷓫󷓦󷓧󷓬 
1870      
   

󼨻󼨼
 39        39 -  ,       :
 (, )
 ( )
, , , 
         ,        
    ,   -     
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨  
1.       :      
2.   :        
3. :          
    
4.  
   ,   
    
󷶼󷶽󷶾󷷀󷶿     
    (1862)
" "    
"  "   -         ,   
    
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󼨻󼨼
1.      (1864)
 +   
   () 
2. -  (1866)
        
           
     (  ) 
3. - (1870-71)
       
          
      -    
󷓠󷓡󷓢󷓣󷓤󷓥󷓨󷓩󷓪󷓫󷓦󷓧󷓬 
 1871 ,   () ,         
     ()     
         
󼨐󼨑󼨒    


 
  

-
 
, , 

 +  + 
  
1870
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󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 
  
:     (  )
     : 
  19     
       
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬
          ,      
  
        ,     ,
             
       :       -    

     
4.             
:    (WWI),          , 1914  
 1918            ,  ,  
          ,        
:
1.        
2.     -             

           ,       
󷆫󷆪   
         ,       
       , -     ,  -  
                   
   ?         !
   :
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1.   (       )
, ,    ,         
   "  =  "
󹸯󹸭󹸮1914                 
      ,       ,  
   
2.  (    )
-                
 , -  
 ,   
󹱑󹱒        ,         , 
     
                
3.     (     )
                
 
󹱑󹱒      ,         
     
             
4.  
  (    )
               
   :
      
 
  "  "  
   -      ( 1871   )
 
  ,        
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5.   -       (28 1914)
    -   ,  ,  
()       
    
               , ,
          
󼨐󼨑󼨒
󼿁󼿂󼿃󼿄󼿈󼿉󼿅󼿊󼿆󼿇 
  
(  ):, , ,  (  ),   
(1917  )
  :, -,  , 
󹳦󹳤󹳧   
      , 1918      7     ,
 1      
               
1.       
 10      20   
 ,       
, ,     
󹱑󹱒
 
2.  
,           
     (  )
-        
󹳦󹳤󹳧
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3.    
        :
    
-  , ,    
   ,      
  → 1917       
4.   
   
  :
, , , , ,   
  
 
5.    (1919)
                   
 
      
   ( 132    )   
    
  100,000      
 
6.  
 
       1920  
    
:
     
     ,    
    

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           
7.      
     ,   ,       
   :
       
      
󹱊󹱋󹱌󹱍󹱎   30        1918     
8.    
       
  " " (  PTSD      ) 
   ,          
              
󼪺󼪻
                   
, ,       ,   
    
     
         ,     
             , 
          20       (
 )  
-
5.          
:󼨐󼨑󼨒
               , 
    ,         , 
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   ,     ,       , 
    ,          
   
1991        
     " "       
    1991 ,           , 
     ()      ,    
    
󷆯󷆮 
      
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳  
       1947  (  )      ,
          ,    ,  
                 
    ,  44    (1991)       ,
        
1991      :
        
    15     
   
    
        
              
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 
   :
1.        
2.      
3.       
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4.        
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂  
        ,       :
󹻂 
           
1991  :
            (  
  )
      ,   
    :
      
      
 ,  
󼪺󼪻 ,            10-15
       ,         ,
        
󹻂
               

1991  :
     (        )

      
   :
            
,            
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󹶯󹶲󹶳󹶰󹶱󹶴            
   ,            
 
󹻂
        
1991  :
          
          
   :
, , ,      
           
󷆫󷆪        800     , , 
          
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫   
1.    
o    
o      
2.      
o   
o    
3.   
o    (     )
4.    
o        
o   
5.   
o    100%   
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󹸱󹸲󹸰 
󷃆󼽢   
1.    
   1980    2-3%   2000    6-8%  
2.     
,         
3.    
,             
4.   
    ,      
5.      
 ,  ,   -         
󽅂   
1. -  
    ,     
2.     
   
      
3.   
 ,     
4.  
      
󹳦󹳤󹳧  
1991        1.2   
2024   600      
  1991  2.4        ;   80
      
2007       9.3%    (    )
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󹵲󹵳󹵴󹵵󹵶󹵷  
        ,          
                
,    :
      ()
       ()
    ()
      ,    ,   
         
󷙎󷙐󷙏
1991                
 ,              
                
        ,      
      
6.             
:: :      
      200          
     ,   ,    1868  
   
 ,   ,   ,    ,
,            ?
           -       1868 
,                
   
󷫈󷫉󷫊    
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1868  ,        ,        
  
   
    
   
   (, , )
     
       ,    ,    
   
󷆖󷆗󷆙󷆚󷆛󷆜󷆘 
1853 ,               
         
                  
         ,      
 ,                   
,           :    
              1868   
  
󷶼󷶽󷶾󷷀󷶿 
          
1868                
    -  , , , ,  
       ,          
    
󺛟󺛠󺛡󺛢󺛣󺛤󺛥   
              -   
 ,    
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1.   :     
 ,     ()         
:
  
     
      
1889       (   )
            (     
)
 :        ,     
       
2.  :   
           
,   :
,           
   - ,     
       
 (    )   
1900     ,             

: 1914    11,400       ,    
   
3.    :     
           - , ,   
  :
  
      (    )
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           
      
 :              
     -    
4.  :       
                  
  :
      
    
      (      )
      
:   1894-95     1904-05      -   
         
: -  (1905)  ,           

5.  :   
          
 :
          
  (  )
     
      
 1870              1900 , 
   ,  ,       
:1905    90%          -    
 
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6.      
         :
 (    )
  
 (  
 )
 ( , , )
 ,        -   ,    

             
󷆯󷆮     
1900          :
    
    
  ,  
  
   
            -      ,
    
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳    
  1868              
  
        : , , , 
  
              
 40     , ,  
 
            
Easy2Siksha.com
-
7. 1929            
:    1920     ,         -
     ,            ,  
                " "   
   -  ,       ,   
 ,  ,  -     ,   -
      ,     ,       
-               ,
   1929   
         
󷈚󷈛 
 20               
1929       ,          
 
     ;   ,         
   ,           
    
     - 1930     
󹳦󹳤󹳧  
        :
󹵅󹵆󹵇󹵈  
  ,  1929             
          , " !   
!"
,                
    ,                
     -    ,          
 
Easy2Siksha.com
24 , 1929 ,       ,     
    
-           29  
( ) ,      
        -        ,  
    , ,            
 
󷩳󷩯󷩰󷩱󷩲   
        :
1. 󹱩󹱪        
          
       
   
,       
2. 󷩳󷩯󷩰󷩱󷩲   
   9,000   
        
    
3. 󷪳󷪴󷪵󷪸󷪹󷪺󷪻󷪼󷪽󷪾󷪿󷪶󷪷  
           
,        
         
4. 󹱼󹱽󹱿󹲀󹱾    
    ,     
           
    ,     
5. 󷆫󷆪    
    ,       
        
           
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󹺁󹺂  
      ,     :
1. 󷺚󷺛󷺜󷺝󷺞󷺟󷺠󷺡󷺢󷺣󷺤󸞞󸞟󸞠󸞡󸞢󸞣󸞤󸞥󸞦󸞧󸞨󸞩󷹔󷹕󷹖󷹗󷸢󷸣󷸤󷸥󷸦󷸧󷸨 󷸞󷸟󷸠󷸡󷸢󷸣󷸤󷸥󷸦󷸧󷸨      
  25%      
   6     
       ,        
2. 󷨏󷨐󷨑󷨒     
     
 "" (
    ,         )

-   
 , -            
  
3. 󷍐󷍑󷍒󷍓󷍔󷍕󷍖󷍗󷍘󷍙󷍚󷍛󷍜󷍝󷍞󷍟󷍠󷍡   
       
            
4. 󹲟󹲠󹲡󹲢     
         
                
 
5. 󺆾󺆽󺆿󺆅       
 ,     
         
6. 󺃺󺃻󺃼󺃽󺃾󺃿    
              
           
       
󷆫󷆪 
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           30%   
       
:           
   :         
  (    ):         
          
󷃆󹸊󹸋   
1.   -   ( 
  .    )
1933   .
    (  ,    )     

    
         
   -    
2.    
             
              (
,   ) -       
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
   : 29  , 1929 ( )
 : 1933  25%  
 :   9,000     
     15%  
Easy2Siksha.com
󼪺󼪻
1929           -   ,    
        -       , 
   
8.            
: 󷆫󷆪    ?
         ,     :
   (1939-1945)           
   7                :
  - , ,  ,   , , 
  - ,   
                
󼨸󼨹󼨺  
           :
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳  
1918        ,           
         ,    (  
 )      ,   
,        

      ()        
  ,          ,  
                    
        -     
1.    (1919) - 
                 
      
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  13%   ,   33      
              
?       
       
2.      - ,    
               

      
                
 
󷃆󽅕
󷃆󽅕
:1933                

3.   (1929) -   
1929     (    ) 
    ,     
,               
      
  :
       ,            
    
4.  
  
          
     
         ,     
 
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   1931   ()   ,     1935   
  -     
:        
5.   
      ,         
: 1938             
  
 , "          ,      
"
               
6.      -    (1939)
1  1939       
           
         
󷃆󽅕
󼽳󼽴󼽵󼽶󼽷      
1945                
            
    
1.      
70       -   
, ,        
      6       
:                
   -   
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2.   
()  – 1945

    
,               1945  

()    
        
3.  
 ,     
 (1947),  (1945)           
:      70      
4.   (   )
    :    ()   
()
      ,       - ,  
     
   :      ,     
   
5.   
    (  )    (,  , 
 )     
  1961         -       
6.   
 (1949) –      
  (1955) -    
         
Easy2Siksha.com
7.     -  
             
           
󷃆󼽢  
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  
   
    
 

  
 
  
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  
     
 
 

 (   )
 
  (   )

"                 
     ,     "